Drug Policy Watch · State Brief 2026

Ohio

Snapshot (structured)

Adult-use cannabis: Legal. Approved by voters as Issue 2 in November 2023 (statutory initiative, 57 percent yes), retail sales began August 2024, but the law was substantially rewritten by the legislature via Senate Bill 56, effective March 20, 2026.
Medical cannabis: Legal since 2016 (House Bill 523). Medical and adult-use are now sold through the same dual-use dispensaries under the Division of Cannabis Control.
Home grow: Allowed. Six plants per adult, up to 12 per residence (retained by SB 56). Note: SB 56 recriminalizes cannabis obtained from anywhere other than Ohio-licensed retailers or one's own legal home grow.
Intoxicating hemp / hemp THC: Effectively banned outside licensed dispensaries as of March 20, 2026 under SB 56. Sales of delta-8, delta-9 hemp edibles, and THC beverages are restricted to the licensed marijuana system. Multiple courts have issued orders pausing enforcement against specific businesses, including a July 2026 federal preliminary injunction (Northern District of Ohio) permitting certain named plaintiffs to resume hemp-beverage sales, though not statewide (litigation ongoing as of July 2026).
Psychedelics: Illegal. Psilocybin and other psychedelics remain Schedule I. No decriminalization. A therapeutic pilot bill (HB 249, 2025) has not advanced.
Broad decriminalization: No broad drug decriminalization. Ohio retains a felony-based drug code.
Harm reduction: Syringe services authorized at local board of health discretion (ORC 3707.57); naloxone widely distributed; fentanyl test strips and broader drug-checking reagents legalized/exempted from paraphernalia (DeWine executive action, October 2025).
Governor (party): Mike DeWine (Republican), term-limited, leaving office January 2027.
Legislature control: Republican trifecta. Senate 24 R / 9 D; House 65 R / 34 D.
Citizen ballot initiatives allowed: Yes. Ohio allows citizen-initiated statutes, constitutional amendments, and referenda on enacted laws.
Enclosure pressure score: 4/5

Cannabis

Ohio voters approved adult-use cannabis as Issue 2 in November 2023, a citizen-initiated statute (not a constitutional amendment) backed by the Marijuana Policy Project and the Coalition to Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol. It passed with about 57 percent support. Because it was a statute rather than a constitutional amendment, the legislature retained full power to amend it, and it did. Adult-use retail sales launched in August 2024 from existing medical dispensaries. (Wikipedia: 2023 Ohio Issue 2; MPP Ohio)

Medical cannabis has been legal since 2016. Today medical and adult-use product is sold through the same "dual-use" dispensaries regulated by the Division of Cannabis Control.

The legislature's central 2025 action was Senate Bill 56, sponsored by Senator Steve Huffman (R-Tipp City). (Note: Steve Huffman the senator is distinct from Matt Huffman, the House Speaker.) SB 56 passed the Senate 22-7 on December 9, 2025, passed the House, and was signed by Governor DeWine on December 19, 2025, with line-item vetoes. It took effect March 20, 2026. (Ohio Senate; Ohio Capital Journal, Dec 19 2025)

What SB 56 did to Issue 2: - Kept the 10 percent adult-use excise tax and home grow (six per adult, 12 per household). - Capped dispensaries at 400 statewide and eliminated the smaller Level III cultivator license tier. - Recriminalized cannabis sourced from anywhere other than Ohio-licensed retailers or one's own home grow, and repealed certain non-discrimination protections. - Set THC potency caps: roughly 35 percent for flower and 70 percent for extracts. (MMJ.com summary; CannabisOH.org SB 56) - Eliminated the Cannabis Social Equity and Jobs Program and its fund, and redirected revenue. SB 56 directs about 36 percent of adult-use tax revenue to municipalities and townships that host dispensaries. (WOUB year in review) - Added buffer requirements (for example, distance from schools, playgrounds, and churches).

Market structure: Ohio's market is vertically capable and MSO-heavy, built atop the medical program's limited license pool. Roughly 37 cultivators, 46 processors, and around 190 dual-use dispensaries operate statewide per the Division of Cannabis Control. (WKYC) See the Market and barriers section for sales figures.

Key 2026 actions: SB 56 taking effect (March 20, 2026); the failed citizen referendum to repeal it (signature deadline March 19, 2026); and ongoing hemp-ban litigation that has produced multiple TROs.

Hemp

SB 56 ends the sale of unregulated intoxicating hemp products in Ohio. Under the new rules, intoxicating hemp items, including many THC-infused drinks, can be sold only through licensed marijuana dispensaries. The legislature's version of the bill would have allowed hemp beverages of up to 5 milligrams of THC to be sold until December 31, 2026, but Governor DeWine line-item vetoed that grace period, so the ban took effect March 20, 2026. (Ohio Capital Journal, March 20 2026; Fox19)

Federal exposure: DeWine cited the new federal hemp ban in his veto. Section 781 of the FY2026 Agriculture Appropriations Act, signed by President Trump on November 12, 2025 as part of the shutdown-ending spending package, rewrote the federal definition of hemp to a "total THC" standard (counting THCA, delta-8, delta-10, etc.) and capped finished hemp-derived products at 0.4 milligrams total THC per container. It carries a one-year transition, so federal enforcement begins November 12, 2026. (Akerman LLP; Vicente LLP) Federal bills to delay this to 2028 (for example the "Hemp Planting Predictability Act," sponsors unconfirmed in our sources) have been introduced but not enacted. (Cannabis Business Times)

Recent state action and litigation: Hemp businesses sued, arguing SB 56 unconstitutionally favors Ohio's licensed marijuana industry. A Sandusky County judge (Judge Jeremiah Ray) issued a TRO calling the scheme discriminatory under the dormant Commerce Clause (case brought by Cycling Frog). A Franklin County judge (Judge Jeffrey M. Brown) issued a separate TRO for specific businesses in April 2026, and a June 2026 ruling allowed roughly 10 named companies to keep selling temporarily. Update, July 18, 2026: a federal court in the Northern District of Ohio issued a preliminary injunction the week of July 13, 2026 permitting certain plaintiff businesses to resume hemp-beverage sales, though not statewide. https://www.statenews.org/government-politics/2026-07-17/why-just-some-ohio-businesses-can-sell-hemp-beverages-again-for-now Enforcement is therefore patchy and contested as of mid-July 2026. (Cannabis Business Times TRO; Ohio Capital Journal, April 16 2026; NBC4)

Psychedelics

Psilocybin and other psychedelics remain Schedule I and illegal in Ohio. There is no statewide decriminalization and no major Ohio city has adopted a lowest-law-enforcement-priority measure. The most recent legislative effort is HB 249 (2025), which would establish a psilocybin-assisted therapy pilot or research pathway, not general public access; it has not advanced. (Mind Medicine Law: Ohio; OhioFirstBill.org) Separately, a nonprofit ibogaine research effort (reported as involving the REID Foundation) has launched in Ohio, but this is research, not legal access. (Reason Foundation) HB 249's exact sponsor is unconfirmed in our sources.

Broader drug policy

Decriminalization: Ohio has not broadly decriminalized drugs. Possession of controlled substances outside cannabis remains criminalized, and SB 56 actually re-expanded cannabis criminal exposure for product obtained outside the licensed/home-grow channels.

Harm reduction: Syringe services programs are permitted under ORC 3707.57, where a local board of health may establish a bloodborne infectious disease prevention program; coverage is uneven across counties. (Lucas County Health) Naloxone is widely distributed through OhioMHAS and community programs. Fentanyl test strips were first legalized via SB 288 (signed January 2023, effective April 2023); in October 2025 DeWine acted to exempt a broader set of drug-checking tools (test strips and reagent kits detecting fentanyl, xylazine, medetomidine, nitazenes, and benzodiazepines) from the paraphernalia definition via emergency Board of Pharmacy rule. (Health Policy Institute of Ohio; Ohio Hospital Association)

Sentencing and expungement: SB 56 created/retained an expungement pathway for prior marijuana possession convictions involving amounts now legal to possess. Relief is not automatic; it generally requires a petition. (Franklin County Law Library guide; MMJ.com)

Overdose and treatment policy: Ohio continues large-scale naloxone distribution (OhioMHAS reported distributing roughly 1 million fentanyl test strips) and changed how it reports non-fatal overdoses. (OhioMHAS NewsNow)

Political landscape

Governor: Mike DeWine (R), term-limited and leaving office in January 2027. He has been a driving force behind the hemp crackdown and publicly told cannabis advocates to stop "whining" about the SB 56 changes. (Marijuana Moment)

Legislature: Republican trifecta. Senate President is Rob McColley (R); House Speaker is Matt Huffman (R). Senate is 24 R / 9 D; House is 65 R / 34 D. (Ohio Senate leadership; 136th General Assembly)

Named opponents of the voter-approved framework / drivers of restriction: Sen. Steve Huffman (R), SB 56 sponsor, pushing tighter regulation, hemp restriction, and equity-program elimination; Gov. DeWine (R), pushing the intoxicating hemp ban and signing SB 56. (Ohio Capital Journal)

Named reform/voter-will champions: Legislative Democrats criticized SB 56 and the blocking of the citizen referendum (joint Republican/Democrat House news items document the dispute). Tom Haren, longtime spokesperson for the Issue 2 pro-legalization coalition, remains a prominent advocate for honoring the voter-approved law, though he was associated with Issue 2 itself, not the 2026 repeal referendum. (Ohio House news; Cleveland Magazine on Haren) Specific committee chairs handling cannabis in 2026 are unconfirmed in our sources.

Ballot initiatives

Ohio allows citizen-initiated statutes, constitutional amendments, and referenda on enacted laws. Issue 2 (2023) was a citizen-initiated statute, which is precisely why the legislature could later amend it via SB 56. After SB 56 passed, opponents launched a veto referendum to let voters overturn it. AG Dave Yost first rejected the petition summary in January 2026 for "omissions and misstatements," then certified corrected language in February 2026. The group Ohioans for Cannabis Choice needed about 248,092 valid signatures from at least 44 of 88 counties by the March 19, 2026 deadline and fell short, so the measure did not reach the November 2026 ballot. (Ohio Capital Journal, Jan 14 2026; Ohio Capital Journal, March 18 2026; Ballotpedia)

Equity and expungement

Issue 2 had created a Cannabis Social Equity and Jobs Program and fund, earmarking revenue for criminal-justice reform, expungement, legal aid, and community reinvestment. SB 56 eliminated that program and fund and redirected revenue largely to host municipalities and townships (about 36 percent). This removes the dedicated social-equity license pathway and the community reinvestment mechanism, narrowing who benefits to existing license holders and host governments. (Moritz/OSU comparison PDF; WOUB)

Expungement/record sealing for marijuana: A petition-based pathway exists for prior possession convictions now legal in quantity. It is not automatic. (Franklin County Law Library)

Market and barriers

Sales: Total Ohio cannabis sales topped about 1.06 billion dollars in 2025 (first full adult-use year), with adult-use around 836 million dollars and medical around 233 million dollars. (Ohio Capital Journal, Jan 8 2026; MJBizDaily)
Tax: 10 percent adult-use excise tax (retained by SB 56), on top of state/local sales tax.
License cap: 400 dispensaries statewide (new SB 56 cap); about 190 dual-use dispensaries currently operating. Level III (smaller) cultivator licenses eliminated.
Licensees: roughly 37 cultivators, 46 processors per the Division of Cannabis Control. (WKYC)
Prices falling as the market matures (average manufactured-product retail price around 23.83 dollars in early January 2026, down from 26.66 dollars a year earlier).
License fees, capital requirements, and any residency requirements: specific dollar figures unconfirmed in our sources; the practical barrier is the capped license pool inherited from the medical program plus the elimination of the smaller cultivator tier.

Enclosure read

Ohio is a textbook case of legislative enclosure of a voter-created commons. Voters opened adult-use access through a citizen statute, and within roughly two years the Republican trifecta rewrote it: capping dispensaries at 400, killing the smaller Level III cultivator tier, eliminating the social-equity program and community reinvestment fund, and folding federally legal hemp THC into the exclusive licensed-marijuana channel. The hemp ban in particular hands Ohio's existing licensed (largely MSO) operators a monopoly over intoxicating-hemp retail, which is exactly why courts have found dormant Commerce Clause problems. The people most fenced out: out-of-state and small hemp businesses, would-be social-equity entrants (whose pathway was deleted), home growers and gray-market sharers (recriminalized), and ordinary voters whose referendum was blocked first by an AG summary rejection and then by a compressed signature window. Consolidating: incumbent license holders, MSOs, and host municipalities that now capture a larger revenue share. Score 4/5 rather than 5 because adult-use itself remains legal, home grow survives, and active litigation is partially reopening the hemp market.

What to watch next

Hemp litigation: TRO expirations and further preliminary-injunction or appellate rulings on SB 56's hemp provisions (the Sandusky County TRO ran to late April 2026; later orders extended relief to additional companies into mid-2026, and a July 2026 federal preliminary injunction in the Northern District of Ohio let certain named plaintiffs resume hemp-beverage sales, though not statewide).
Federal hemp deadline: November 12, 2026, when Section 781 enforcement begins, and whether Congress delays it to 2028.
SB 56 implementation: rulemaking and enforcement details from the Division of Cannabis Control as the March 20, 2026 changes bed in.
Politics: the November 2026 gubernatorial election (DeWine is term-limited), which will shape cannabis posture for 2027 and beyond.
Legislature: the 136th General Assembly sits through December 2026; watch for any follow-on cannabis/hemp cleanup bills.
Any renewed citizen ballot effort for a future cycle after the 2026 referendum failed.

Regulators

Ohio Division of Cannabis Control (within the Department of Commerce): licenses and regulates medical and adult-use cannabis. (cannabis control / Commerce)
Ohio State Board of Pharmacy: drug-checking/paraphernalia rulemaking (test strips, reagents).
Ohio Department of Agriculture: hemp cultivation program.
Ohio Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services (OhioMHAS) and local boards of health: harm reduction, naloxone, syringe services.
Ohio Attorney General and Secretary of State: ballot initiative/referendum certification.

Federal exposure (2026)

Ohio's legal cannabis and harm-reduction systems sit downstream of several 2026 federal levers, none of which legalize anything at the federal level but several of which reshape who can profit and who loses funding.

Rescheduling and 280E. Cannabis remains Schedule I by default. The DOJ/DEA order signed April 22, 2026 and effective April 28, 2026 (91 FR 22714) moved only FDA-approved cannabis drugs and state-licensed medical cannabis to Schedule III; recreational cannabis stays Schedule I. For Ohio that split runs straight through the same dual-use dispensary. The medical side of the business gains relief from IRS Section 280E (the rule that bars normal business deductions for Schedule I/II trafficking), so medical-attributable activity can begin deducting ordinary expenses, while the adult-use side, which drove roughly 836 million dollars of 2025 sales versus about 233 million dollars medical, gets nothing. Operators will face messy allocation questions between medical and adult-use activity within one license. Schedule III does not legalize cannabis, does not authorize interstate commerce, and does not cover Ohio's adult-use businesses; it mainly relieves tax pressure on the medical slice and on FDA-track pharmaceutical products. The broader DEA rescheduling hearing opened June 29, 2026 and may slip into 2027, so further movement is uncertain.

The November 12, 2026 hemp cliff. This is the place where state and federal enclosure align most cleanly. SB 56 already banned intoxicating hemp outside licensed dispensaries effective March 20, 2026, pulling delta-8, delta-9 edibles, and THC beverages into the licensed marijuana channel. Section 781 of the FY2026 agriculture appropriations (Rep. Andy Harris, R-MD) narrows the federal hemp definition to a total-THC standard (about 0.4 milligrams THC per container), recriminalizing roughly 90 to 95 percent of intoxicating hemp products, with federal enforcement beginning November 12, 2026. The H.R.7010 delay was not enacted, and the 2026 Farm Bill (H.R.7567) keeps the ban. Practical effect for Ohio: even the court orders that have temporarily paused SB 56's hemp ban for named businesses (state courts in Sandusky and Franklin Counties, and a July 2026 federal preliminary injunction in the Northern District of Ohio) buy only relief for those specific plaintiffs, not statewide; once federal enforcement begins November 12, 2026, the underlying products are largely unlawful federally regardless of how Ohio's dormant Commerce Clause litigation resolves. The federal floor closes the gap the TROs opened.

Banking. SAFER Banking remains stalled in Congress, so Ohio's licensed operators, especially any smaller entrants, still face limited access to mainstream banking, card processing, and ordinary credit. Combined with the capped license pool, this favors well-capitalized incumbents and MSOs that can absorb cash-handling cost and compliance overhead.

Psychedelics. No federal legalization. Psilocybin, MDMA, and ibogaine all remain Schedule I. The April 18, 2026 executive order, Accelerating Medical Treatments for Serious Mental Illness [https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2026/04/accelerating-medical-treatments-for-serious-mental-illness/] plus FDA priority vouchers fast-track FDA review, but there is no approval yet, so any Ohio pathway (the stalled HB 249 pilot, the ibogaine research effort) runs through the federal FDA/DEA route rather than state action alone. Ohio gains nothing automatically here.

Harm reduction. Ohio expanded drug-checking in late 2025 (DeWine's October 2025 emergency rule exempting fentanyl test strips and broader reagent kits from the paraphernalia definition). That expansion is now exposed to the April 24, 2026 SAMHSA guidance barring federal funds for fentanyl test strips, clean syringes, and sterile water; naloxone remains federally supported. Ohio's syringe services programs (ORC 3707.57) and its large test-strip distribution lean on federal dollars, so the SAMHSA cut squeezes exactly the tools Ohio just legalized, even though state law still permits them. The state can keep the policy but may lose the funding.

Patient access and rights

This section covers what Ohio law does and does not protect for a medical cannabis patient: use inside a hospital, and the broader rights that follow a patient into work, housing, parenting, an organ transplant list, and school. It is information, not legal advice, and it reflects the law as of July 2026. Each point links to the primary statute.

Hospital access (Ryan's Law): Ohio has no hospital-access law. No statute requires a hospital, nursing home, or hospice to let a qualifying patient use medical cannabis on site, so whether a facility allows it is left to that facility's own policy, and many refuse. Seven states have now enacted a Ryan's Law protection (California in 2021, and Colorado, Delaware, Louisiana, Oregon, Virginia, and Washington in 2026), and Pennsylvania has a bill pending; Ohio is not among them. The absence is the finding: an Ohio patient has no enforceable right to use their medicine in a hospital today.

Broader protections: Ohio protects a registered patient in four of the six areas, under a single statute, Ohio Revised Code Section 3796.24. It bars a landlord from refusing a person solely for being a registered patient (division (F)), protects custody and parenting time absent a showing of danger to the child (division (B)), and provides that a patient may not be denied medical care, including a place on an organ transplant waiting list, solely for lawful medical cannabis use (division (C)). Two areas are not covered: employment, where a separate section (3796.28) preserves an employer's right to discipline for cannabis use, and school enrollment, where a review of Section 3796.24 found no protection. Those two gaps are the finding.

Out-of-state patients: Ohio does not offer medical reciprocity; adults 21 and over may purchase at adult-use retailers, but an out-of-state patient does not receive the medical patient protections above.

The federal picture: the April 2026 federal move of state-licensed medical cannabis to Schedule III did not change any of this. Schedule III does not make dispensary cannabis a lawful prescription medicine and does not create any hospital-use right; only state law can force hospital access, and Ohio has not enacted a Ryan's Law. The broader protections above are a creature of Ohio law, not federal law.

Sources: Ohio patient protections, Ohio Revised Code Section 3796.24; employer rights, Section 3796.28.

Analysis: the enclosure read in depth

Ohio is the clearest example in this series of enclosing an already-legal commons. Most enclosure stories are about fencing off something that was never open, capped license counts, lockout of out-of-state actors, hemp bans imposed before a legal market matured. Ohio is different: voters affirmatively opened the commons through Issue 2 in November 2023, and the legislature then walked it back.

Who is fenced out. Because Issue 2 was a citizen-initiated statute rather than a constitutional amendment, the legislature kept full power to rewrite it, and SB 56 did. The standout move was rewriting the voter-passed statute to (1) cap dispensaries at 400 statewide, (2) eliminate the smaller Level III cultivator tier, which was the most plausible on-ramp for small and independent growers, and (3) eliminate the Cannabis Social Equity and Jobs Program and its fund, deleting the dedicated equity-license pathway and the community-reinvestment mechanism voters had approved. SB 56 also recriminalized cannabis sourced outside Ohio-licensed retailers or one's own home grow, re-expanding criminal exposure for gray-market sharing. The intoxicating-hemp ban folds a federally legal (until November 12, 2026) product category into the exclusive licensed-marijuana channel, fencing out out-of-state and small hemp businesses, which is precisely why courts found dormant Commerce Clause problems. And the citizen veto referendum that would have let voters reverse SB 56 was first slowed by an AG summary rejection (Dave Yost, January 2026) and then failed to gather about 248,092 signatures by the compressed March 19, 2026 deadline, so voters were blocked from the one tool that could have undone the rewrite.

Who consolidates. Incumbent license holders and MSOs built atop the limited medical-program license pool, who now hold a near-monopoly on both adult-use and intoxicating-hemp retail; and host municipalities and townships, which capture about 36 percent of adult-use tax revenue redirected from the deleted equity fund. Well-capitalized operators also benefit from the banking status quo, which prices out thinner-margin entrants.

State-plus-federal interaction. Ohio is being fenced on two fronts at once. The state fence (SB 56) and the federal fence (Section 781 total-THC standard, effective November 12, 2026) point the same direction on hemp, so even a litigant who wins a dormant Commerce Clause argument against the state scheme still runs into the federal floor. On cannabis proper, the federal Schedule III move (April 2026) helps only the medical slice of Ohio's dual-use businesses via 280E relief, reinforcing incumbents rather than opening the field. The federal enclosure read, medicalize and control, fences out small actors and hemp, maps almost exactly onto what Ohio's legislature did to Issue 2.

What to watch and where commons counter-moves remain. The live questions: whether the hemp TROs convert to preliminary injunctions or survive appeal before November 12, 2026 (and whether that even matters once the federal ban bites); whether any renewed citizen ballot effort emerges for a future cycle; and the November 2026 gubernatorial election, since DeWine, the hemp-ban driver, is term-limited. The commons is not fully closed: adult-use possession remains legal, and home grow survives (six plants per adult, up to 12 per household, retained by SB 56), which keeps a noncommercial, decommodified path to legal cannabis open even as the commercial market consolidates. Expungement relief exists but is petition-based, not automatic.

Why 4/5 and not 5/5. The score reflects an aggressive, multi-pronged enclosure of a commons voters had deliberately opened: the equity tier deleted, the small-cultivator on-ramp removed, hemp monopolized, the referendum blocked, and a federal ban reinforcing the state one. It stops short of 5 because the core commons survives in two concrete ways, adult-use remains legal and home grow is intact, and because active litigation has at least temporarily reopened the hemp market. If the federal hemp cliff lands and home grow were ever curtailed, this would read as 5/5.

Active legislation (2026)

This list is not exhaustive. For the full picture see the Ohio General Assembly site, LegiScan Ohio. The 136th General Assembly runs January 2025 through December 2026 as a single biennium, so 2025 bills remain live into 2026.

Beyond the live tracker

These measures are not in the live bill list below: some are not bills (executive orders, rules, referendums, or budgets), and some are proposals or prior-session measures the live tracker does not currently carry.

HB 249 Psilocybin-assisted therapy pilot / research (2025) (Introduced, not advanced)
Referendum on SB 56 ("Ohio Regulate Cannabis Products Referendum") Citizen veto referendum to overturn SB 56 (Failed; did not qualify (signatures short by March 19, 2026 deadline))

Bill	Title/Topic	Chamber	Status	Sponsor(s)
SB 56	Rewrite of Issue 2 adult-use law and intoxicating hemp ban	Senate (origin)	Enacted; signed Dec 19, 2025; effective March 20, 2026; subject to litigation	Sen. Steve Huffman (R)
HB 160	Earlier/competing House approach to amending adult-use cannabis (2025)	House	Did not become the enacted vehicle; SB 56 prevailed	Unconfirmed
HB 249	Psilocybin-assisted therapy pilot / research (2025)	House	Introduced, not advanced	Unconfirmed
Referendum on SB 56 ("Ohio Regulate Cannabis Products Referendum")	Citizen veto referendum to overturn SB 56	Ballot (citizen)	Failed; did not qualify (signatures short by March 19, 2026 deadline)	Ohioans for Cannabis Choice (spokesperson Dennis Willard)

Federal context (not Ohio bills): Section 781 federal hemp ban (enacted Nov 12, 2025; enforcement Nov 12, 2026) and federal delay proposals such as the "Hemp Planting Predictability Act" (sponsors unconfirmed).

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A planning snapshot for 2026, not legal advice. Policy moves quickly; confirm any single detail against the cited sources before acting on it. Sponsor names are given where confirmable and marked unconfirmed otherwise.

About the author. Jessica Mantonya is the founder of Drug Policy Watch and Hold in Common. She also advises operators, advocates, and funders on regulatory strategy and anti-enclosure positioning. Work with her →